The Effects of Landmines in Poor Countries
SEATTLE — The e”ects of landmines in poor countries are devastating. Mines have been described as “weapons of
social cataclysm” that create not only appalling injuries but also long-term social and economic destruction. They
perpetuate poverty for decades after con!icts end. Eighty-#ve percent of the world’s landmine casualties have
a$icted the poverty-stricken countries of Afghanistan, Angola and Cambodia. Iraq and Laos have been seriously
a”ected as well.
The numbers are staggering; worldwide, over 110 million landmines remain hidden, in addition to millions more
unexploded ordinances (UXO). They kill or injure over 70 people each day, around one every 15 minutes. Mines can
remain active for up to 50 years, making them particularly insidious. A Khmer Rouge general once described a
landmine as the perfect soldier: “ever courageous, never sleeps, never misses.”
Clearing landmines is a challenging endeavor. Mines selling for as little as $3 each can cost up to $1000 to locate
and remove. While mines can be spread at a rate of over 1,000 per minute, an expert might need an entire day to
clear 20-50 square meters. U.N. guidelines on mine action are widely understood to include not only landmine
removal, but also education, stockpile reduction, victim assistance and advocacy.
The devastating e”ects of landmines in poor countries are widely recognized. The Lao government has observed a
“signi#cant correlation between the presence of UXO and the prevalence of poverty.” Landmines are obstacles to
humanitarian aid, refugee return, economic progress and reconstruction.
Landmines also impede development. Mines along roads and railroad tracks prevent refugee return and challenge
aid delivery. They cut o” access to markets, schools, work and water. The mining of agricultural land leads to
malnutrition, famine and starvation. In Afghanistan and Cambodia, landmines have rendered as much as 35
percent of land unusable. This land loss limits options for agriculture, grazing and trading. In addition,
environmental damage causes soil degradation, deforestation and water pollution.
Huge medical costs are incurred by landmine injuries, including hospital transportation, blood transfusions, surgery,
painkillers, antibiotics, dressings, arti#cial limbs and rehabilitation. Healthcare expenditures can impoverish
communities and stretch resources to the breaking point. Even with so much spending, the U.S. State Department
estimates that less than one-quarter of amputees receive proper prostheses.
Entire families su”er when one member falls prey to a landmine. Men are disproportionately likely to be both
primary breadwinners and landmine victims. In addition to the loss of income, their resulting disabilities can mean
that children must stay home to assist them. Children are also particularly vulnerable to landmines. Their innate
curiosity leads them to pick up unfamiliar objects, and they are frequently too young to read warning signs. Children
are more likely to die from their wounds than adults, and very few receive the multiple prostheses necessary to
keep up with their growth.
While reducing the e”ects of landmines in poor countries is challenging, major inroads have been made. For the
rst time in history, more mines are being removed than deposited. Clearing landmines restores human dignity by
letting people grow their own crops rather than relying on international aid. Mine-clearing e”orts build con#dence
and promote long-term recovery and development. The continued focus on removal e”orts is key to reducing both
injuries and poverty in the most a”ected countries.